Networking
| Layer | Purpose | Protocols / Technologies |
|---|---|---|
| Application Layer | User-facing network services and application communication | BGP, DHCP (v6), DNS, FTP, HTTP (HTTP/3), HTTPS, IMAP, IPP, IRC, LDAP, MGCP, MQTT, NNTP, NTP, OSPF, POP3, PTP, ONC/RPC, RTP, RTSP, RIP, SIP, SMTP, SNMP, SSH, Telnet, TLS/SSL, XMPP |
| Transport Layer | End-to-end communication between hosts | TCP, UDP, DCCP, SCTP, RSVP, QUIC |
| Internet Layer | Logical addressing and routing across networks | IPv4, IPv6, ICMP (v6), NDP, ECN, IGMP, IPsec |
| Link Layer | Physical network access and local delivery | ARP, Tunnels (e.g., GRE/IP-in-IP), PPP, MAC |
1) Addressing & Name Resolution
- DHCP
- DNS
- NAT
2) Security & Traffic Control
- Firewall
- VPN
- Proxy Server
- Reverse Proxy
3) Network Hardware / Switching & Routing
- Switches (Switching)
- Wi-Fi Routers